Integration

Integration Special Methods

Bayes' Theorem: Solved Problems for CBSE and ISC Students

Solved Problems on Bayes' Theorem for CBSE and ISC Students

These problems will help you prepare for Board Examination and several other competitive exams. All possible variations of Bayes' theorem are present  in these problems. If you have any query don't forget to comment or whatsapp me on +91-9038126497

Problem 1. Prasad is known to speak the truth 3 times out of 5. He throws a die and reports that it is 1. Find the probability that it is actually 1.

Problem 2. Pawan speaks the truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is tossed. He reports that it was 5. What is the probability that it was actually 5?

Problem 3. A bag contains 1 white and 6 red balls, and a second bag contains 4 white and 3 red balls. One of the bags is picked up at random and a ball is randomly drawn from it, and is found to be white in colour. Find the probability that the drawn ball was from the first bag.

Problem 4. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 3 white and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 5 white and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be white. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag I.

Problem 5. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 3 white and 2 red balls and Bag II contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.

Problem 6. A company has two plants to manufacture motor cycle. 70% motor cycles are manufactured at the first plant, while 30% are manufactured at the second plant. At the first plant, 80% motor cycles are rated of the standard quality while at the second plant, 90% are rated of standard quality. A motor cycle , randomly picked up, is found to be of standard quality. Find the probability that it has come out from the second plant.

Problem 7. A company has two plants to manufacture bicycles. 60% bicycles are manufactured at the first plant, while 40% are manufactured at the second plant. At the first plant, 80% motor cycles are rated of the standard quality while at the second plant, 90% are rated of standard quality. A bicycle , randomly picked up, is found to be of standard quality. Find the probability that it has come out from the second plant.

Problem 8. A insurance company insured 2000 scooters and 3000 motor cycles. The probability of an accident involving a scooter is 0.01 and that of a motor cycle is 0.02. An insured vehicle met with an accident. Find the probability that the accident vehicle was a motor cycle.

Problem 9. Three bags contain balls as shown in the following table: A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn. They happen to be white and red. What is the probability that they came from the third bag?

Bag	White Balls	Black Balls	Red Balls
I	1	2	3
II	2	1	1
III	4	3	2

 

Problem 10. Three urns  A,B and C contains 6 red and 4 white balls; 2 red and 6 white balls; and 1 red and 5 white balls respectively. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn. If the ball drawn is found to be red, find the probability that the ball was drawn from urn A.

Problem 11. A factory has three machines A,B and C, which produce 100,200 and 300 items of a particular type daily. The machines produce 2%, 3% and 5% defective items respectively. One day when the production was over, an item was picked up randomly and found to be defective. Find the probability that it is manufactured by machine A.

Problem 12. In a bolt factory, machines A,B and C manufacture 25%,35% and 40% respectively of total bolts. Of their outputs, 5%, 4% and 2% respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random and is found to be defective. Find the probability that it is manufactured by machine B.

Problem 13. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, and a second bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the bags is picked up at random and a ball is randomly drawn from it, and is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the drawn ball was from the first bag.

Problem 14. Probability that Ravi speaks truth is 4/5 . A coin is tossed, Ravi reports that a head appears. Find the probability that actually there was head.

Problem 15. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?

Problem 16. Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A grey haired person is selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? Assume that there are equal number of males and females.

Problem 17. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars ( not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their examination. One student is chosen at random and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is from hostel?

Problem 18. A laboratory COVID-19 test is 99% effective in detecting when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e., if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1% of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test result is positive?

Problem 19. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.

Problem 20. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1,2,3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1,2,3 or 4 with the die?

Problem 21. Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of directors of a corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second group will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.

Problem 22. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% defective items, where as the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on for 30% and C is on for 20% of the time. A defective item is produced, what is the probability it was produced by A?

Problem 23. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses. Let ¾ be the probability that he knows the answer and ¼ be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability ¼ . What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?

Problem 24. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 3 white and 4 red balls and Bag II contains 5 white and 6 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.

Problem 25. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 2 white and 4 red balls and Bag II contains 5 white and 3 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II

Problem 26. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.

Problem 27. Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also gold?

Problem 28. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probabilities that he will come by train, bus, and scooter or by other means of transport are respectively. The probability that he will be late are if he comes by train bus and scooter respectively. If he comes by other means of transport, then he will not be late. On a certain day, he arrived late. What is the probability that he came by train?

Problem 29. Suppose the reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows: Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 10% goes undetected (false negative). Of people free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV positive (false positive). From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV positive. What is the probability that the person actually has HIV?

Problem 30. If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly set up, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the setups are correctly done. If after a certain set up, the machine produces 2 acceptable items , find the probability that the machine is correctly set up.

Problem 31. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%.  At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities.  It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack.  Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?

Problem 32. Vartika has an alarm which will ring at the appointed time with probability 0.9. If the alarm rings, it will awake her and she will reach the examination hall in time with probability 0.8. If the alarm doesn't ring , she will get up on her own to reach the examination hall in time, with probability 0.3. Knowing that Vartika reached the hall in time, find the probability that the alarm rang.

Problem 33. By examining the chest X−ray probability that T.B is detected when a person is actually suffering is 0.99. The probability that the doctor diagnoses incorrectly that a person has T.B on the bases of X−ray is 0.001. In a certain city 1 in 1000 person suffers from T.B. A person is selected at random is diagnoses to have T.B. What is the chance that the actually has T.B? 

Problem 34. Shoes are produced by two machines A and B. 50% of the shoes are produced by machine A with an estimate of 10% of them being defective. On machine B, 20% of the shoes produced are defective, if a shoe taken at random is found to be defective , what is the probability that shoe was produced by machine A?

Problem 35. In a large company, 15% of the employees are graduates, and of these, 80% work in administrative posts. Of the non-graduates employees of the company, 10% work in administrative posts. Find the probability that an employee of this company selected at random from those working in administrative posts will be graduate.

Problem 36. A pack or cards is counted with face downwards. It is found that one card is missing. One card is drawn and is found to be red. Find the probability that the missing card is red.

Problem 37. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both spades. Find the probability of the lost card being a spade.

Problem 38. For A,B and C the chances of being selected as the manager of a firm are in the ratio 4:1:2 respectively. The respective probabilities for them to introduce a radical change in marketing strategy are 0.3, 0.8 and 0.5. If the change does take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment of B or C.

Problem 39. Two urns I and II contain respectively 3 white and 2 black balls, 2 white and 4 black balls. One ball is transferred from urn I to urn II and then one is drawn from the latter. It happens to be white. What is the probability that the transferred ball was white.

Problem 40. A bin contains 3 different types of disposable flashlights. The probability that a type 1 flashlight will give over 100 hours of use is 0.7, with the corresponding probabilities for type 2 and type 3 flashlights being 0.4 and 0.3 respectively. Suppose that 20% of the flashlights in the bin are type 1, 30% are type 2, and 50% are type 3.

(a)    What is the probability that a randomly chosen flashlight will give more than 100 hours of use?

(b)   Given the flashlight lasted over 100 hours, what is the conditional probability that it was a type 2 flashlight?

 Here is the solution to all the problems above:

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SOLVED PROBLEMS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

SOLVED PROBLEMS TOTAL THEOREM OF PROBABILITY

SOLVED PROBLEMS BAYES' THEOREM

Geometry Inequality

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Prove that in any quadrilateral, the sum of the diagonals is greater than the half of its perimeter.

Consider the quad. In the above diagram. Let E be the point of the intersection.

Now, AE+EB > AB

EB+EC > BC

AE+ED > AD

EC+ED > DC (Using Triangle Inequality)

Adding the above four inequalities we get

2(AE+EC+EB+ED) > AB+BC+AD+DC

=> AC + BD > ½(AB+BC+AD+DC)

Thus sum of the diagonals is greater than the half of its perimeter Q.E.D

In any triangle four times the sum of its medians is greater than 3 times its perimeter.

We know that difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the third side (prove it)

In triangle ABE,

AE > AB-BE

In triangle ACE,

AE > AC-CE

Adding above two inequalities we get,

2AE > AB + AC -(BE+CE)

=> AE > ½(AB+AC-BC)

=> 4AE > 2(AB+AC-BC).........(1)

Similarly,

4BD > 2(AB+BC-AC).............(2) and 4CF > 2(AC+BC-AB)........(3)

Adding (1),(2) and (3) we have,

4(AE+BD+CF) > 2(AB+AC-BC+AB+BC-AC+AC+BC-AB)

=> 4(AE+BD+CF) > 2(AC+AB+BC)

=> sum of the lengths of the medians is greater than half the perimeter

We can strengthen the inequality by using the fact that the point 'O' divides the medians AE,BD,CF internally in the ration 2:1

Therefore, OD:OB = 1:2

=> (OB+OD):OB = (1+2):2

=> BD:OB=3:2

=> OB = 2/3 BD........(a)

Similarly, OC = 2/3 CF.........(b) and OA = 2/3 AE.......(c)

Now in triangle OBC, OB+OC> BC

=>2/3(BD+CF)>BC [using (a) and (b)]

=> 2(BD+CF)>3BC

Similarly, 2(CF+AE)>3AC and 2(BD+AE)>3AB

Adding the last three inequalities we get 4(AE+BD+CF) > 3(AB+BC+CA)

In the triangle ABC, AE,BD and CF are the medians where O is the point of there intersection

Trigonometrical Identities CBSE

Solved problems for C.B.S.E and I.C.S.E on Trigonometrical Identities

Here is the link : http://kolkatamaths.yolasite.com/ix-x.php

Solved Problems on Circles (Tangent Properties)

In these material we explore the properties of circles, tangents and common tangents. Using congruency and similarity of triangles many of the desired property has been deduced.

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M.C.A Entrance Question Paper

Olympiad Problems

Find the common roots of the equation x²⁰⁰⁰+x²⁰⁰²+1 = 0 and x³+2x²+2x+1 = 0.

#IIT #CMI #ISI

x³+2x²+2x+1 = 0

=> x³+1+2x(x+1) = 0

=> (x+1)(x²-x+1)+2x(x+1) = 0

=> (x+1)(x²-x+1+2x) = 0

=> (x+1)(x²+x+1) =0

=> x = -1,w,w² where 'w' is the cube root of unity

Now putting these values in the expression x²⁰⁰⁰+x²⁰⁰²+1 we see that w and w² only reduce it to zero. So the common roots are w,w²

Find real x for which 1/[x] + 1/[2x] = {x} + 1/3, where [x] = greatest integer less than equal to x and {x} = x – {x}.

Let x = z + f, where z is the integer part and 0 <= f < 1

Now we have two cases (a) 0 <= f < 1/2 (b) 1/2 <= f < 1

Also note that the R.H.S of the given equation i.e., {x} + 1/3 > 0 so x has to be positive.

Case (a) 0 <= f < 1/2, [x] = z and 2x = 2z + 2f , [2x] = 2z since 0 <= 2f < 1

and {x} = x – [x] = z + f – z = f.

This reduces the equation to

1/z + 1/2z = f + 1/3 ........... (1)

=> 1/z + 1/2z >= 1/3 (Since f >= 0 )

=> 3/2z >= 1/3

=> 9 >= 2z

=> 2z – 9 <= 0

=> z = 1,2,3,4

for z = 1, {x} = f = 1 which is invalid in this case

for z = 2, using equation (1) {x} = f = 5/12 < 1/2

for z = 3, using equation (1) {x} = f = 1/6 < 1/2

for z = 4, using equation (1) {x} = f = 1/24 < 1/2

so possible values of x in this case is 2+5/12, 3+1/6 and 4+1/24

i.e., x = 29/12, 19/6 and 97/24

Case(b) Following the steps of case (a) show that in this case no solution exists.

Show that abc(a³-b³)(b³-c³)(c³-a³) is always divisible by 7 where a, b and c are non-negative integers.

Result: Cube of any integer leaves remainder 0, 1 or 6 on dividing by 7.

if any one of a,b or c is divisible by 7, then abc(a³-b³)(b³-c³)(c³-a³) is divisible by 7. So we assume that none of the numbers a,b or c is divisible by 7.

Now using the result stated above a³, b³,c³ leaves remainder 1 or 6 (due to the assumption) otherwise if 7 | a³ or 7 | b³ or 7 | c³ => 7 | a or 7 | b or 7 | c ( since 7 is prime) A contradiction to the assumption.

Now by Pigeon Hole Principle two of the numbers a³, b³,c³ have the same remainder. Hence their difference is divisible by 7, thus

7 | abc(a³-b³)(b³-c³)(c³-a³) in any case.

Find the remainder when 2 is divided by 1990

Result: If p is prime & p do not divide a then a^p is congruent a (modulo p) (Fermat's Theorem)

Note that 1990 = 199 X 10 and 199 is a prime.

Using Fermats theorem we have 2¹⁹⁹ is congruent 2 (modulo 199)

=> (2¹⁹⁹ )¹⁰ is congruent 2¹⁰ (modulo 199)

=> 2 is congruent 1024 (modulo 199)

i.e 199 | 2 - 1024

Now 2 and 1024 has the same last digit, which is 4 ( try to find it for 2 ). Therefore

10 | 2 - 1024

Now g.c.d (199, 10) = 1 therefore 1990 | 2 - 1024

So the remainder is 1024

Coordinate Geometry

Solved Problems on Coordinate Geometry for 10th grade. Problems based on distance formula, section ratio formula   

 

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GEOMETRY Thales Theorem or Basic Proportionality Theorem Solved Problems

Solved Problems on Thales Theorem useful for students of 10th grade of CBSE and ICSE and other state board. This material is also useful for the preparation of Regional Mathematics Olympiad. Basic Geometry is a pre-requisite  for any Olympiad.

Probability Solved problems for CBSE, ICSE 10th grade

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Probability

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